Petroleumsteknologi og beslektet teknologi

This European Standard lays down harmonized identifiers for marketed liquid and gaseous fuels. The requirements in this standard are set to complement information needs of users regarding the fuel- and vehicle-compatibility that are placed on the market. The development of this standard focused on vehicles placed on the market for the first time, which does not preclude the application of this standard also to vehicles already in circulation. The identifier is intended to be visualized at dispensers and refuelling points, on vehicles, in motor vehicle dealerships and in consumer manuals as described in this document. Marketed fuels include for example petroleum-derived fuels, synthetic fuels, biofuels, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, hydrogen and biogas and blends of the aforementioned delivered to non-stationary applications.

This European Standard specifies a method for the determination of the boiling range distribution of petroleum products by capillary gas chromatography using flame ionisation detection. The standard is applicable to materials having a vapour pressure low enough to permit sampling at ambient temperature and a boiling range of at least 100 °C. The standard is applicable to distillates with initial boiling points (IBP) above 100 °C and final boiling points (FBP) below 750 °C, for example, middle distillates and lubricating base stocks. The test method is not applicable for the analysis of petroleum or petroleum products containing low molecular weight components (for example naphthas, reformates, gasolines, diesel). Components containing hetero atoms (for example alcohols, ethers, acids, or esters) or residue are not to be analyzed by this test method. NOTE For the purposes of this European Standard, the terms “% (m/m)” and “% (V/V)” are used to represent respectively the mass fraction and the volume fraction. WARNING — The use of this European Standard may involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This European Standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

This European Standard specifies a method for the determination of the boiling range distribution of petroleum products by capillary gas chromatography using flame ionisation detection. The standard is applicable to materials having a vapour pressure low enough to permit sampling at ambient temperature, and which have a boiling range of at least 100 °C. The standard is applicable to materials with initial boiling points (IBP) above 100 °C and final boiling points (FBP) above 750 °C, for example, heavy distillate fuels and residuals. The method is not applicable to bituminous samples. The test method is not applicable for the analysis of petroleum or petroleum products containing low molecular weight components (for example naphthas, reformates, gasolines, diesel). Components containing hetero atoms (for example alcohols, ethers, acids, or esters) or residue are not to be analyzed by this test method. NOTE For the purposes of this European Standard, the terms "% (m/m)" and "% (V/V)" are used to represent respectively the mass fraction and the volume fraction. WARNING - The use of this European Standard may involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This European Standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

This International Standard specifies a method for the determination of moisture in an analysis sample by drying the sample in an oven. It is applicable to all solid recovered fuels.

This Standard specifies the requirements and a method for the determination of volatile matter of solid recovered fuels.

This Standard specifies a method for the determination of gross calorific value of solid recovered fuels at constant volume and at the reference temperature 25 °C in a bomb calorimeter calibrated by combustion of certified benzoic acid.

This Standard specifies a method for the determination of ash content of all solid recovered fuels.

This document gives guidelines for the design, construction and operation of all onshore liquefied natural gas (LNG) installations for the liquefaction, storage, vaporization, transfer and handling of LNG and natural gas (NG). These requirements can be applied to bio methane and synthetic natural gas (SNG) accordingly. This document is valid for plants with LNG storage at a capacity above 200 t. The designated boundary limits are LNG inlet/outlet by the ship’s manifold including vapour return connection, the truck loading /unloading connection including vapour return, the rail loading/unloading connection including vapour return and the natural gas in and outlet boundary by piping systems. Terminals or plant types have one or more boundary limits as described in this scope (see Figure 1). A short description of each of these installations is given in Annex G. Feed gas for LNG liquefaction installations (plant) can be from gas field, associated gas from oil field, piped gas from transportation grid or from renewables. Floating solutions (for example FPSO, FSRU, SRV), whether off-shore or near-shore, are not covered by this document even if some concepts, principles or recommendations could be applied. However, in case of berthed FSRU with LNG transfer across the jetty, the following recommendations apply for the jetty and topside facilities. In case of solutions using floating storage unit (FSU) and land-based re-gasification solution, the on-shore part is covered by these standard recommendations. This document is not applicable for installations specifically referred or covered by other standards, e.g. LNG fuelling stations, LNG road or rail tankers. Plants with a storage inventory from 5 t up to 200 t are covered by [36].

This International Standard specifies a method for the determination of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) by instrumental method. Depending on the amount of test portion used, micro and macro instrumental apparatus are used. An alternative method based on high temperature furnace combustion and IR detection is described in Annex A.